Link: https://jamesclear.com/why-facts-dont-change-minds
摘要
本文深入探讨了为何事实往往难以改变人们的观念,并提出了更有效的沟通和说服策略。作者指出,人类不仅需要准确的世界观以求生存,更有着根深蒂固的归属感需求。在事实真相与社会联结之间,人们有时会优先选择后者,因为脱离群体可能意味着生存威胁。这种现象被称为“事实错误,但社会正确”,即人们为了获得同伴的认可和支持,即使面对不准确的信念也可能坚持。
文章强调,改变他人的想法并非简单地提供更多事实,而是要帮助他们改变所属的“部落”。这意味着要与对方建立友谊,将其融入自己的圈子,从而让他们在改变信念时不必担心失去社会支持。通过分享餐食、增加近距离接触,可以有效打破偏见,增进理解。
在信念光谱上,人们更容易被与自己观点相近(例如98%认同)的人所说服,而不是那些观点截然不同的人。因此,改变观念是一个渐进的过程,需要从相邻的立场开始,而非试图一步到位。书籍被认为是比争论更有效的改变信念的工具,因为它们提供了一个非威胁性的环境,让读者可以在没有被评判风险的情况下进行内部思考和观念重塑。
此外,文章揭示了错误观念持续存在的一个重要原因:人们不断地谈论它们,即使是为了批评。作者提出了“克利尔复现定律”,指出一个观念被重复的次数越多,相信它的人就越多,即便它是错误的。因此,与其花费精力驳斥坏想法,不如专注于推广好想法,让坏想法因缺乏关注而自然消亡。
最后,文章呼吁人们在沟通中扮演“侦察兵”而非“士兵”的角色,即以好奇心而非求胜欲去探索和理解。即使自己是正确的,也应保持友善,因为失去现实感对他人而言是痛苦的。建立友谊、分享交流,是比争论输赢更重要的目标,也是真正改变他人心智的关键。
内容精简
为什么事实无法改变我们的想法?
人类对世界的认知需求是双重的:一方面,我们需要一个相对准确的世界观来指导日常行动,确保生存和有效决策;另一方面,我们内心深处有着强烈的归属感。这种归属感源于我们作为“群居动物”的进化历史,在部落时代,被群体接纳是生存的关键,被排斥则意味着死亡。因此,在追求真相和维持社会联结之间,人们有时会面临冲突,而很多时候,社会联结的重要性甚至超越了对特定事实或观念真相的理解。
哈佛大学心理学家史蒂文·平克(Steven Pinker)指出,人们的信念往往是根据其能否带来盟友、保护者或追随者来形成和判断的,而非仅仅基于其真实性。这意味着,我们相信某些事情,有时并非因为它们是正确的,而是因为它们能让我们在乎的人面前显得更好,或者能帮助我们融入某个群体。凯文·西姆勒(Kevin Simler)也强调,如果大脑预期某种信念能带来奖励(无论是实际结果上的好处,还是来自同伴的更好待遇),它就会乐于采纳,而不太关心奖励的来源。
这种现象可以被概括为“事实错误,但社会正确”。一个信念可能在客观上是错误的或不准确的,但它在社会层面上却能带来益处,例如维持家庭和睦、避免在社交场合的尴尬,或巩固与某个群体的身份认同。当人们必须在事实和朋友家人之间做出选择时,他们往往会选择后者。这种洞察不仅解释了为何我们在餐桌上可能对某些言论保持沉默,或对亲人的冒犯性言论视而不见,也为我们提供了一个更有效改变他人想法的途径:与其直接用事实驳斥,不如先建立起社会联结。因为对人类而言,归属感和被接纳的需要,往往比纯粹的逻辑和事实更具影响力。
如何有效改变他人的想法?
改变一个人的想法,本质上是说服他们改变其所属的“部落”。当一个人放弃其原有信念时,他们面临着失去原有社会关系的风险。因此,如果我们在试图改变他人想法的同时,也剥夺了他们的社群归属感,那么这种尝试注定会失败。没有人愿意在结果是孤独的情况下,让自己的世界观被彻底颠覆。要成功改变他人的想法,我们必须为他们提供一个新的归属之地。
最有效的方法是与他们建立友谊,将他们融入我们的“部落”,带入我们的圈子。这样,他们就可以在没有被社会抛弃的风险下,自由地改变自己的信念。英国哲学家阿兰·德·波顿(Alain de Botton)建议,我们可以简单地与那些与我们意见不合的人共进晚餐。他认为,与陌生人同桌用餐,分享菜肴,同时展开餐巾,甚至请陌生人递盐,这种近距离的接触会削弱我们对“外人”的偏见和敌意。这种亲近感能够打破抽象的仇恨,促进理解和宽容。正如亚伯拉罕·林肯所说:“我不喜欢那个人。我必须更好地了解他。”事实无法改变我们的想法,但友谊可以。
此外,改变观念是一个渐进的过程,而非一蹴而就。本·卡斯诺查(Ben Casnocha)提出,最有可能改变我们想法的人,往往是那些我们在98%的议题上都认同的人。如果一个我们认识、喜欢并信任的人持有某种激进观点,我们更有可能给予其重视和考虑,因为我们已经在生活的大多数方面与他们达成一致。但如果一个与我们截然不同的人提出同样的观点,我们很容易将其视为疯言疯语。这可以用“信念光谱”来形象化:如果你处于位置7,试图说服位置1的人是徒劳的,因为差距太大。更有效的方法是与位置6和8的人建立联系,逐步将他们拉向你的方向。最激烈的争论往往发生在光谱两端的人之间,而最频繁的学习则发生在观点相近的人之间。
书籍在改变信念方面,通常比对话或辩论更有效。在对话中,人们需要顾及自己的地位和形象,避免显得愚蠢。当面对令人不适的事实时,他们往往会选择固守原有立场,而非公开承认错误。书籍则解决了这种紧张关系。通过阅读,对话发生在读者自己的头脑中,没有被他人评判的风险。当一个人没有防御心理时,更容易保持开放的心态。争论就像是对一个人身份的正面攻击,而阅读书籍则像是在人的大脑中悄悄植入思想的种子,让它以自己的方式生长。当人们克服原有信念时,他们已经在内心进行着一场挣扎,无需再与你争论。
错误观念为何持续存在及应对策略?
错误观念之所以能够持续存在,一个重要原因在于人们不断地谈论它们。对于任何观念而言,沉默即是死亡。一个从未被言说或书写的观念,会随着其提出者的逝去而消亡。观念只有在被重复时才能被记住,也只有在被重复时才能被相信。人们重复观念,不仅是为了表明他们属于同一个社会群体,更关键的是,即使是为了批评一个坏观念,人们也必须先提及它。结果是,你最终重复了那些你希望人们遗忘的观念——但当然,人们无法遗忘它们,因为你一直在谈论它们。你重复一个坏观念的次数越多,人们相信它的可能性就越大。
作者将这种现象称为“克利尔复现定律”(Clear’s Law of Recurrence):相信一个观念的人数与该观念在过去一年中被重复的次数成正比,即使这个观念是错误的。每一次你攻击一个坏观念,你都在喂养你试图摧毁的怪物。正如一位Twitter员工所写:“每次你转发或引用推文来表达对某人的愤怒,这都在帮助他们。它传播了他们的废话。你所厌恶的观念的地狱是沉默。要有纪律地给予它们沉默。”与其浪费时间解释坏观念为何是坏的,不如将时间花在倡导好观念上。你只是在煽动无知和愚蠢的火焰。一个坏观念最好的结局是被遗忘,一个好观念最好的结局是被分享。正如泰勒·科文(Tyler Cowen)所说:“尽量少花时间谈论别人是如何错误的。”我们应该滋养好观念,让坏观念因缺乏关注而自生自灭。
当然,这并非意味着永远不指出错误或批评坏观念。但我们必须自问:“目标是什么?”批评坏观念的初衷,通常是希望世界变得更好,希望更少的人相信它们,即希望人们在一些重要议题上改变想法。如果真正的目标是改变心智,那么批评对方并非最佳途径。大多数人争论是为了赢,而不是为了学习。正如朱莉娅·加莱夫(Julia Galef)所言:人们常常表现得像“士兵”而非“侦察兵”。士兵在智力上采取攻击姿态,试图击败与自己不同的人,胜利是其主要驱动力。而侦察兵则像智力探险家,与他人一起缓慢地绘制地形图,好奇心是其驱动力。如果你希望人们采纳你的信念,你需要更多地像侦察兵,而不是士兵。这种方法的关键在于蒂亚戈·福特(Tiago Forte)提出的问题:“你是否愿意为了让对话继续下去而不去争赢?”
日本作家村上春树曾写道:“永远记住,争论并获胜,就是打破对方的现实。失去自己的现实是痛苦的,所以即使你是对的,也要保持友善。”在当下,我们很容易忘记目标是与对方建立联系、合作、成为朋友,并将他们融入我们的部落。我们过于专注于获胜,而忘记了连接。将精力花在给人们贴标签上,而不是与他们合作,是很容易犯的错误。英文单词“kind”(友善)源于“kin”(亲属)。当你对某人友善时,意味着你像对待家人一样对待他们。这正是改变他人想法的有效方法:发展友谊,分享餐食,赠送书籍。先友善,后求对。
问答
-
为什么事实往往无法改变人们的想法? 答:因为人类不仅需要准确的世界观,更有着根深蒂固的归属感需求。在事实真相与社会联结之间,人们有时会优先选择后者,以避免被群体排斥的风险。
-
“事实错误,但社会正确”指的是什么? 答:指一个信念在客观上可能是错误的,但它在社会层面上却能带来益处,例如维持社会关系、获得群体认可或避免冲突。
-
根据作者,改变他人想法最有效的方法是什么? 答:最有效的方法是与对方建立友谊,将其融入自己的圈子或“部落”,从而让他们在改变信念时不必担心失去社会支持。
-
为什么书籍通常比争论或辩论更能有效改变信念? 答:书籍提供了一个非威胁性的环境,让读者可以在没有被评判风险的情况下进行内部思考和观念重塑,更容易保持开放心态,而争论则可能引发防御心理。
-
什么是“克利尔复现定律”(Clear’s Law of Recurrence)? 答:该定律指出,相信一个观念的人数与该观念在过去一年中被重复的次数成正比,即使这个观念是错误的。这意味着即使是批评一个坏观念,也会通过重复而助长其传播。
-
“智力士兵”和“侦察兵”有何区别? 答:智力士兵争论是为了赢,以击败与自己不同的人为目标;而侦察兵则以好奇心为驱动,像智力探险家一样,与他人一起探索和理解。
-
作者对于处理不同意见的最终建议是什么? 答:最终建议是“先友善,后求对”。即使自己是正确的,也要保持友善,因为失去自己的现实感对他人而言是痛苦的。应专注于建立友谊、分享交流,而非争论输赢。
原文
The economist J.K. Galbraith once wrote, “Faced with a choice between changing one’s mind and proving there is no need to do so, almost everyone gets busy with the proof.”
Leo Tolstoy was even bolder: “The most difficult subjects can be explained to the most slow-witted man if he has not formed any idea of them already; but the simplest thing cannot be made clear to the most intelligent man if he is firmly persuaded that he knows already, without a shadow of doubt, what is laid before him.”
What’s going on here? Why don’t facts change our minds? And why would someone continue to believe a false or inaccurate idea anyway? How do such behaviors serve us?
The Logic of False Beliefs
Humans need a reasonably accurate view of the world in order to survive. If your model of reality is wildly different from the actual world, then you struggle to take effective actions each day.
However, truth and accuracy are not the only things that matter to the human mind. Humans also seem to have a deep desire to belong.
In Atomic Habits, I wrote, “Humans are herd animals. We want to fit in, to bond with others, and to earn the respect and approval of our peers. Such inclinations are essential to our survival. For most of our evolutionary history, our ancestors lived in tribes. Becoming separated from the tribe—or worse, being cast out—was a death sentence.”
Understanding the truth of a situation is important, but so is remaining part of a tribe. While these two desires often work well together, they occasionally come into conflict.
In many circumstances, social connection is actually more helpful to your daily life than understanding the truth of a particular fact or idea. The Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker put it this way, “People are embraced or condemned according to their beliefs, so one function of the mind may be to hold beliefs that bring the belief-holder the greatest number of allies, protectors, or disciples, rather than beliefs that are most likely to be true.”
We don’t always believe things because they are correct. Sometimes we believe things because they make us look good to the people we care about.
I thought Kevin Simler put it well when he wrote, “If a brain anticipates that it will be rewarded for adopting a particular belief, it’s perfectly happy to do so, and doesn’t much care where the reward comes from — whether it’s pragmatic (better outcomes resulting from better decisions), social (better treatment from one’s peers), or some mix of the two.”
False beliefs can be useful in a social sense even if they are not useful in a factual sense. For lack of a better phrase, we might call this approach “factually false, but socially accurate.” When we have to choose between the two, people often select friends and family over facts.
This insight not only explains why we might hold our tongue at a dinner party or look the other way when our parents say something offensive, but also reveals a better way to change the minds of others.
Facts Don’t Change Our Minds. Friendship Does.
Convincing someone to change their mind is really the process of convincing them to change their tribe. If they abandon their beliefs, they run the risk of losing social ties. You can’t expect someone to change their mind if you take away their community too. You have to give them somewhere to go. Nobody wants their worldview torn apart if loneliness is the outcome.
The way to change people’s minds is to become friends with them, to integrate them into your tribe, to bring them into your circle. Now, they can change their beliefs without the risk of being abandoned socially.
The British philosopher Alain de Botton suggests that we simply share meals with those who disagree with us:
“Sitting down at a table with a group of strangers has the incomparable and odd benefit of making it a little more difficult to hate them with impunity. Prejudice and ethnic strife feed off abstraction. However, the proximity required by a meal – something about handing dishes around, unfurling napkins at the same moment, even asking a stranger to pass the salt – disrupts our ability to cling to the belief that the outsiders who wear unusual clothes and speak in distinctive accents deserve to be sent home or assaulted. For all the large-scale political solutions which have been proposed to salve ethnic conflict, there are few more effective ways to promote tolerance between suspicious neighbours than to force them to eat supper together.”
Perhaps it is not difference, but distance that breeds tribalism and hostility. As proximity increases, so does understanding. I am reminded of Abraham Lincoln’s quote, “I don’t like that man. I must get to know him better.”
Facts don’t change our minds. Friendship does.
The Spectrum of Beliefs
Years ago, Ben Casnocha mentioned an idea to me that I haven’t been able to shake: The people who are most likely to change our minds are the ones we agree with on 98 percent of topics.
If someone you know, like, and trust believes a radical idea, you are more likely to give it merit, weight, or consideration. You already agree with them in most areas of life. Maybe you should change your mind on this one too. But if someone wildly different than you proposes the same radical idea, well, it’s easy to dismiss them as a crackpot.
One way to visualize this distinction is by mapping beliefs on a spectrum. If you divide this spectrum into 10 units and you find yourself at Position 7, then there is little sense in trying to convince someone at Position 1. The gap is too wide. When you’re at Position 7, your time is better spent connecting with people who are at Positions 6 and 8, gradually pulling them in your direction.
The most heated arguments often occur between people on opposite ends of the spectrum, but the most frequent learning occurs from people who are nearby. The closer you are to someone, the more likely it becomes that the one or two beliefs you don’t share will bleed over into your own mind and shape your thinking. The further away an idea is from your current position, the more likely you are to reject it outright.
When it comes to changing people’s minds, it is very difficult to jump from one side to another. You can’t jump down the spectrum. You have to slide down it.
Any idea that is sufficiently different from your current worldview will feel threatening. And the best place to ponder a threatening idea is in a non-threatening environment. As a result, books are often a better vehicle for transforming beliefs than conversations or debates.
In conversation, people have to carefully consider their status and appearance. They want to save face and avoid looking stupid. When confronted with an uncomfortable set of facts, the tendency is often to double down on their current position rather than publicly admit to being wrong.
Books resolve this tension. With a book, the conversation takes place inside someone’s head and without the risk of being judged by others. It’s easier to be open-minded when you aren’t feeling defensive.
Arguments are like a full frontal attack on a person’s identity. Reading a book is like slipping the seed of an idea into a person’s brain and letting it grow on their own terms. There’s enough wrestling going on in someone’s head when they are overcoming a pre-existing belief. They don’t need to wrestle with you too.
Why False Ideas Persist
There is another reason bad ideas continue to live on, which is that people continue to talk about them.
Silence is death for any idea. An idea that is never spoken or written down dies with the person who conceived it. Ideas can only be remembered when they are repeated. They can only be believed when they are repeated.
I have already pointed out that people repeat ideas to signal they are part of the same social group. But here’s a crucial point most people miss:
People also repeat bad ideas when they complain about them. Before you can criticize an idea, you have to reference that idea. You end up repeating the ideas you’re hoping people will forget—but, of course, people can’t forget them because you keep talking about them. The more you repeat a bad idea, the more likely people are to believe it.
Let’s call this phenomenon Clear’s Law of Recurrence: The number of people who believe an idea is directly proportional to the number of times it has been repeated during the last year—even if the idea is false.
Each time you attack a bad idea, you are feeding the very monster you are trying to destroy. As one Twitter employee wrote, “Every time you retweet or quote tweet someone you’re angry with, it helps them. It disseminates their BS. Hell for the ideas you deplore is silence. Have the discipline to give it to them.”
Your time is better spent championing good ideas than tearing down bad ones. Don’t waste time explaining why bad ideas are bad. You are simply fanning the flame of ignorance and stupidity.
The best thing that can happen to a bad idea is that it is forgotten. The best thing that can happen to a good idea is that it is shared. It makes me think of Tyler Cowen’s quote, “Spend as little time as possible talking about how other people are wrong.”
Feed the good ideas and let bad ideas die of starvation.
The Intellectual Soldier
I know what you might be thinking. “James, are you serious right now? I’m just supposed to let these idiots get away with this?”
Let me be clear. I’m not saying it’s never useful to point out an error or criticize a bad idea. But you have to ask yourself, “What is the goal?”
Why do you want to criticize bad ideas in the first place? Presumably, you want to criticize bad ideas because you think the world would be better off if fewer people believed them. In other words, you think the world would improve if people changed their minds on a few important topics.
If the goal is to actually change minds, then I don’t believe criticizing the other side is the best approach.
Most people argue to win, not to learn. As Julia Galef so aptly puts it: people often act like soldiers rather than scouts. Soldiers are on the intellectual attack, looking to defeat the people who differ from them. Victory is the operative emotion. Scouts, meanwhile, are like intellectual explorers, slowly trying to map the terrain with others. Curiosity is the driving force.
If you want people to adopt your beliefs, you need to act more like a scout and less like a soldier. At the center of this approach is a question Tiago Forte poses beautifully, “Are you willing to not win in order to keep the conversation going?”
Be Kind First, Be Right Later
The brilliant Japanese writer Haruki Murakami once wrote, “Always remember that to argue, and win, is to break down the reality of the person you are arguing against. It is painful to lose your reality, so be kind, even if you are right.”
When we are in the moment, we can easily forget that the goal is to connect with the other side, collaborate with them, befriend them, and integrate them into our tribe. We are so caught up in winning that we forget about connecting. It’s easy to spend your energy labeling people rather than working with them.
The word “kind” originated from the word “kin.” When you are kind to someone it means you are treating them like family. This, I think, is a good method for actually changing someone’s mind. Develop a friendship. Share a meal. Gift a book.
Be kind first, be right later.
译文
经济学家J.K.加尔布雷思曾写道:“当面临改变想法和证明无需改变想法的选择时,几乎每个人都会忙于后者。”
列夫·托尔斯泰的说法甚至更大胆:“最难的课题,如果一个人对此尚未形成任何观念,那么即使是最迟钝的人也能理解;但最简单的事情,如果一个最聪明的人已经坚信自己毫无疑问地了解了摆在他面前的一切,那么也无法让他明白。”
这究竟是怎么回事?为什么事实无法改变我们的想法?为什么人们会继续相信一个错误或不准确的观念?这些行为对我们有什么用处?
错误信念的逻辑
人类需要一个相对准确的世界观才能生存。如果你的现实模型与真实世界大相径庭,那么你每天都将难以采取有效的行动。
然而,真相和准确性并非人类心智唯一看重的东西。人类似乎也有一种强烈的归属感。
在《原子习惯》中,我写道:“人类是群居动物。我们渴望融入群体,与他人建立联系,并赢得同伴的尊重和认可。这些倾向对我们的生存至关重要。在人类进化的绝大部分历史中,我们的祖先都生活在部落中。脱离部落——或者更糟,被驱逐——无异于被判死刑。”
了解事情的真相固然重要,但留在群体中也同样重要。尽管这两种渴望常常相辅相成,但有时也会发生冲突。
在许多情况下,社会联系实际上比理解某个特定事实或观念的真相更能帮助你的日常生活。哈佛心理学家史蒂芬·平克对此解释道:“人们根据自己的信仰被接纳或谴责,因此心智的一个功能可能是持有那些能为信仰者带来最多盟友、保护者或追随者的信念,而不是那些最可能是真实的信念。”
我们不总是因为事物正确才相信它们。有时我们相信它们是因为它们能让我们在我们关心的人面前显得更好。
我认为凯文·西姆勒说得很好,他写道:“如果大脑预期采纳某种特定信念会得到奖励,它会非常乐意这样做,并且不太在意奖励的来源——无论是务实的(更好的决策带来更好的结果)、社交的(来自同伴更好的待遇),还是两者的结合。”
错误的信念在社交意义上可能是有用的,即使它们在事实意义上并非如此。如果找不到更好的说法,我们或许可以称这种方法为“事实错误,但社交准确”。当必须在这两者之间做出选择时,人们常常选择朋友和家人而非事实。
这一洞察不仅解释了为什么我们可能在晚宴上保持沉默,或者在父母说出冒犯性言论时选择视而不见,也揭示了改变他人想法的更好方式。
事实无法改变我们的想法,友谊可以。
说服某人改变想法,实际上是说服他们改变所属的群体。如果他们放弃自己的信念,他们就面临失去社会联系的风险。如果你也剥夺了他们的社群,你就不能指望他们改变想法。你必须给他们一个归属。没有人希望自己的世界观被撕裂,如果结果是孤独。
改变人们想法的方法是与他们成为朋友,将他们融入你的群体,把他们带入你的圈子。这样,他们就可以在没有被社会抛弃的风险下改变自己的信念。
英国哲学家阿兰·德波顿建议我们只需与那些与我们意见不合的人共进晚餐:
“与一群陌生人同桌而坐,有一个无与伦比且奇特的益处,那就是让你更难肆无忌惮地憎恨他们。偏见和民族冲突滋生于抽象的概念。然而,用餐所需的亲近——比如传递菜肴、同时展开餐巾,甚至请陌生人递盐——会打断我们坚持认为那些穿着奇特、口音独特的外来者理应被遣返或攻击的信念。尽管人们提出了许多大规模的政治解决方案来缓解民族冲突,但促进多疑邻里之间宽容的有效方法,很少有比强迫他们共进晚餐更好的了。”
也许滋生部落主义和敌意的不是“差异”,而是“距离”。随着亲近度的增加,理解也随之加深。这让我想起亚伯拉罕·林肯的一句话:“我不喜欢那个人。我必须更好地了解他。”
事实无法改变我们的想法。友谊可以。
信念的光谱
几年前,本·卡斯诺查向我提了一个想法,至今我仍无法忘怀:最有可能改变我们想法的人,是那些我们在98%的话题上都与我们意见一致的人。
如果你认识、喜欢并信任的人相信一个激进的想法,你更有可能给予它价值、分量或考虑。你已经在生活的大多数方面与他们意见一致。也许你也应该在这个问题上改变想法。但如果一个与你截然不同的人提出同样的激进想法,那么,你很容易将他们斥为疯子。
我们可以通过将信念映射到光谱上来形象化这种区别。如果你将这个光谱分成10个单位,而你处于位置7,那么试图说服处于位置1的人意义不大。差距太大了。当你处于位置7时,你最好花时间与处于位置6和8的人建立联系,逐渐将他们拉向你的方向。
最激烈的争论常常发生在光谱两端的人之间,但最频繁的学习则发生在与你相近的人身上。你与某人越亲近,你与他们不共享的一两个信念就越有可能渗透到你的思想中并塑造你的思维。一个想法离你当前立场越远,你就越有可能直接拒绝它。
谈到改变人们的想法,很难从一端跳到另一端。你不能在光谱上跳跃,你必须沿着它滑动。
任何与你当前世界观截然不同的想法都会让人感到威胁。而思考一个具有威胁性的想法的最佳场所,是一个没有威胁的环境。因此,书籍往往比对话或辩论更能有效地转变信念。
在对话中,人们必须仔细考虑自己的地位和形象。他们想要保住面子,避免显得愚蠢。当面对一组令人不舒服的事实时,人们的倾向往往是加倍坚持自己当前的立场,而不是公开承认错误。
书籍解决了这种紧张。通过书籍,对话发生在某人的头脑中,没有被他人评判的风险。当你没有防备心时,更容易保持开放的心态。
争论就像是对一个人身份的正面攻击。阅读一本书则像是在一个人的大脑中悄悄植入一个想法的种子,让它按照自己的方式生长。当一个人克服一个既有信念时,他脑子里已经有足够的挣扎了。他们不需要再和你争论。
为什么错误的观念会持续存在
坏想法之所以能继续存在,还有另一个原因,那就是人们不断地谈论它们。
沉默是任何想法的死亡。一个从未被说出或写下的想法,会随着构思它的人一同消亡。想法只有在被重复时才能被记住。它们只有在被重复时才能被相信。
我已经指出,人们重复想法是为了表明他们属于同一个社会群体。但这里有一个大多数人忽略的关键点:
人们在抱怨坏想法时也会重复它们。在你批评一个想法之前,你必须提及那个想法。结果你不断重复那些你希望人们忘记的想法——但当然,人们无法忘记它们,因为你一直在谈论它们。你重复一个坏想法的次数越多,人们相信它的可能性就越大。
我们将这种现象称为克利尔复现定律:相信某个想法的人数与该想法在过去一年中被重复的次数成正比——即使这个想法是错误的。
每当你攻击一个坏想法,你都在滋养你试图摧毁的那个怪物。正如一位推特员工所写:“每次你转发或引用推文你所愤怒的人,这都在帮助他们。它传播了他们的胡言乱语。你所厌恶的想法的炼狱是沉默。要有纪律地给予他们沉默。”
你的时间最好花在倡导好想法上,而不是拆解坏想法。不要浪费时间解释坏想法为什么是坏的。你只是在煽动无知和愚蠢的火焰。
一个坏想法最好的结局是被遗忘。一个好想法最好的结局是被分享。这让我想起泰勒·科文的一句话:“尽量少花时间谈论别人错在哪里。”
滋养好想法,让坏想法饿死。
思想的士兵
我知道你可能在想什么。“詹姆斯,你现在是认真的吗?我难道就应该让这些白痴逍遥法外吗?”
让我澄清一下。我不是说指出错误或批评一个坏想法从不有用。但你必须问自己:“目标是什么?”
你最初为什么要批评坏想法?大概是因为你认为如果相信它们的人更少,世界会变得更好。换句话说,你认为如果人们在一些重要问题上改变想法,世界就会进步。
如果目标是真正改变想法,那么我认为批评对方并不是最好的方法。
大多数人争论是为了赢,而不是为了学习。正如朱莉娅·加莱夫恰如其分地指出:人们常常表现得像士兵而非侦察兵。士兵在思想上发起攻击,试图击败与他们不同的人。胜利是主导情绪。而侦察兵则像思想探险家,慢慢地与他人一起绘制地形。好奇心是驱动力。
如果你想让人们接受你的信念,你需要更多地像侦察兵,而不是士兵。这种方法的中心是蒂亚戈·福特提出的一个精妙问题:“你是否愿意为了让对话继续下去而不去争赢?”
先友善,后求对
杰出的日本作家村上春树曾写道:“永远记住,争论并获胜,就是摧毁你所争论之人的现实。失去自己的现实是痛苦的,所以即使你是对的,也要保持友善。”
当我们身处其中时,我们很容易忘记目标是与对方建立联系,与他们合作,与他们成为朋友,并将他们融入我们的群体。